An Overview of Chinese Laws and Experiences for Vietnam on the Marine Environment Protection from Contamination Caused by Ships’ Garbage

Situated on a crucial international maritime route, Vietnam has not only favorable opportunities to develop marine economy, but also challenges of responding to marine contamination caused by ship-source pollutants. Actually, Vietnam has strived to cope with this problem by enacting regulations on ship operations. Unfortunately, the current Vietnam legal system on marine environment protection is still limited and inefficient. Due to this issue, the article is written to give an illustration and analysis of legal system on marine environment protection of China, which has many similar conditions with Vietnam and actively participates in several international conventions on marine environment protection from pollution caused by ship-source. Furthermore, the main purpose of this paper is to synthesize useful and valuable experience for Vietnam to improve its legal system on marine prevention from contamination resulted by ships’ garbage. Keywords: International conventions, ships’ garbage, prevention, marine pollutio

Building a New Regulation on Prevention from Marine Environmental Pollution Caused by Ship-Source Pollution

Over the past years, Vietnam has been aware of the deterioration of the marine environment due to impacts from ship-source pollution. In order to prevent and control this pollution, Vietnam has made efforts to issue a number of national technical standards and legal documents related to the marine environment protection from the effects of ship-source pollution, particularly caused by ship’s garbage. However, there is still a lack of several basis legal documents to ensure that Vietnam can be prevented and tightly controlled due to pollution from ship-source. Thus, in addition to concluding international conventions, studying and learning law-making experiences of progressive countries in the region, reviewing and improving the legal system in this field, building and issuing a special regulation on the marine environment control and prevention from ship-source pollution are essential tasks. In the scope of an article, the author provides an analysis of the importance of building a new regulation in this field and suggests a new regulation on the marine environment control and prevention from pollution, caused by ship-source, as well as by garbage (herein after call new regulation). It is expected that in the near future, the Vietnam laws on the prevention from marine environmental pollution due to the impacts from ship-source pollution will be more completed and effective. Keywords: Ship’s garbage, Vietnam law, prevention, marine pollution, new regulatio

The correlation between learning styles and self–directed learning of fifth graders

Vietnam education has been directed into a learner-centered approach and fostering competencies for students, especially self-directed learning. Thus, understanding how students’ learning styles impact self-directed learning are crucial for the new direction of Vietnam education. This research employed the survey method by questionnaire and presents the results of practical research on the correlation between styles of learning and self–directed learning of fifth-grade students at elementary schools in District 10, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. The sample was 364 fifth graders voluntarily participating in the survey with the consent of parents. The results indicated that learning styles are strongly correlated with self–directed learning competency of fifth graders. The data revealed that students at District 10 not only attained high self-directed learning levels but also their learning styles attributing impactfully on their self-directed learning competency

Rural Poverty and Inequality Maps in Vietnam: Estimation using Vietnam Household Living Standard Survey 2006 and Rural Agriculture and Fishery Census 2006

The objective of this paper is to estimate poverty and inequality for rural Vietnam at different levels of aggregation by combining the Vietnam Household Living Standard Survey (VHLSS) from 2006 and the Rural Agriculture and Fishery Census from the same year. Using the small area estimation method, we will produce estimates at the region, province at district level, and will consider both expenditure and income based measures. It is found that all provinces across the country have experienced a noticeable reduction in rural poverty during the period 1999-2006. Some of the largest reductions in poverty are observed for provinces with poverty rates close to the national average. Also the poorest provinces are experiencing reductions in poverty, albeit at a more modest pace. Provinces and districts with a larger poverty reduction in the period 1999-2006 tend to have a lower level of inequality in 2006. Results based on expenditure poverty estimates are found to be very similar to those based on income poverty estimates.Poverty measurement, poverty mapping, agricultural census, household survey, Vietnam

Suggestions for Improving Vietnam Laws on Marine Environment Protection from Contamination Caused by Ship’s Garbage

Due to the fact that Vietnam legal system on marine environmental protection is still inconsistent and deficient, as focusing only on the protection of marine environment either in general or environmental pollution from oil and noxious liquid substances, but lacking a concentration on marine contamination caused by ship’s garbage. It is explained that Vietnam only joined Annexes I and II of International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973 as modified by the Protocol of 1978 (hereinafter referred to as the MARPOL 73/78), which serves as a prerequisite condition and fundament of researches and legal system on protection of marine environment. Owing to the lack of in-depth study of the issues, this article is written to describe and analyze the current status of Vietnam laws on the marine environment preservation. Moreover, suggestions for improving the Vietnam legal system on the marine protection from ship’s garbage are suggested in this paper. Keywords: International conventions, improve, Vietnam laws, suggestions, ship’s garbag

Granular crystals in palm oil based shortening/margarine : a review

Palm oil based shortenings and margarines are important products within the lipid industry. However, a widespread quality deterioration issue is often reported regarding their long-term storage: the appearance of granular crystals or grains that are regarded as unwanted because of the deflecting visual appearance and the negative mouthfeel during consumption. In this review, the role of fat blends composition, crystallization process and storage conditions in the formation and growth of these unwanted granular crystals will be discussed and summarized. In addition, some potential approaches in preventing the formation of granular crystals in palm oil based shortening and margarine are also introduced

Rendements d’utilisation et consommation d’énergie au Québec

The concept of useful energy consumption has been used by some authors by weighting observed energy consumptions. It is argued in this paper that the weights should not be the regression parameter estimates of the GNP on various forms of energy consumptions as they are now, but they should be the mechanical use efficiency of each energy form. A number of functional forms of the GNP are then obtained, all very good from the econometric viewpoint. Finally, it is pointed out that the rate of substitution between different forms of energy does depend on the functional form of the GN

Updating Poverty Maps of Vietnam using Vietnam Household Living Standard Survey 2002 and Population Census 1999

Poverty map is an important for poverty targeting in developing countries. In this study, we combine the Vietnam Household Living Standard Survey (VHLSS) in 2002 and the Population Census in 1999 to estimate poverty and inequality indexes of all provinces and districts of Vietnam in the year 2002.Poverty measurement, poverty mapping, agricultural census, household survey, Vietnam.

Poverty and inequality maps for rural Vietnam: an application of small area estimation

The objective of the paper is to update the small area estimates of poverty and inequality for rural Vietnam. The new estimates of province and district level poverty for the year 2006, when combined with estimates available for 1999, allow for examination of how poverty has changed in rural Vietnam over the past seven years. The analysis finds that all provinces across the country experienced a noticeable reduction in rural poverty during the period 1999-2006. Some of the largest reductions in poverty are observed for provinces with poverty rates close to the national average. The poorest provinces have also experienced reductions in poverty, albeit at a more modest pace. Provinces and districts with lower levels of inequality in 2006 have seen above average poverty reductions. The authors consider both expenditure and income based measures of poverty and inequality, and find the results to be very similar.Rural Poverty Reduction,Regional Economic Development,Achieving Shared Growth,Services&Transfers to Poor